A Narrative Review on manifestations of gluten free casein free diet in autism and autism spectrum disorders Authors Masnoon Akhter Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan Saara Muddasir Khan Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan Nadia Firdous College of Physicians and Surgeons, Karachi, Pakistan Prashant Tikmani Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan Asra Khan Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan Hamna Rafique Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan DOI: https://doi.org/10.47391/JPMA.3971 Abstract Autism and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are specific neurological disorders that affect the brain, frequently characterised by challenging paediatric behaviour. The current narrative review using PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis Protocols, and comprised randomised controlled trials and clinical control trials with gluten-free, casein-free (GFCF) diets published till 2020. Of the 80 studies selected, 7(8.75%) were included in the review. It was observed that the gluten-free, casein-free diet was safe with therapeutic benefits in autistic children. Therefore, a tailored dietary approach can be a beneficial management regimen. The trials related to utility of gluten-free, casein-free diet among autistic children are sparse, with limited sampling size, and indication of bias in the findings. Therefore, larger cohort studies on gluten-free, casein-free trials are required to provide further insight into the therapeutic benefits of the diet. Author Biographies Prashant Tikmani, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan Department of Biological and biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Sr. Research Assistant Asra Khan, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan Department of Biological and biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Research Coordinator Hamna Rafique, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan Department of Biological and biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Research Associate Downloads Full Text Article Published 2022-09-15 How to Cite Akhter, M., Saara Muddasir Khan, Nadia Firdous, Tikmani, P. ., Khan, A. ., & Rafique, H. (2022). A Narrative Review on manifestations of gluten free casein free diet in autism and autism spectrum disorders. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 72(10), 2054–2065. https://doi.org/10.47391/JPMA.3971 More Citation Formats ACM ACS APA ABNT Chicago Harvard IEEE MLA Turabian Vancouver Download Citation Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS) BibTeX Issue Vol. 72 No. 10 (2022): OCTOBER Section Narrative Review